The principal marker is the vocative particle a, which causes lenition of the initial letter. Names that end in -я then acquire a soft sign: "Оль!" That is also the case in traditional English (without the accent) (see above): The native words sonur ("son") and vinur ("friend") also sometimes appear in the shortened forms son and vin in vocative phrases. In the latter case, the vocative is often also incorrectly used for the nominative to refer to bishops and patriarchs. For example, kats- is the root for the word "man". a fhearaibh! Thus, the determiner precedes nouns in all cases except the vocative. ), Przybywasz za późno, pływaku (You arrive too late, swimmer), Nie rozumiesz mnie, moja droga Basiu! Consonant-stem nouns have no ending in the vocative: The vocative form is the same as the nominative except in the masculine and feminine singular. Traditional male names usually have a vocative ending. Any noun not preceded by an article or other determiner is in the vocative case. The vocative is distinct in singular and identical to the nominative in the plural, for all inflected nouns. This is similar to the use and drop of the definite article in the dialects of e.g. The vocative is a case that strikes many a learner of Classical languages, because most modern European languages don’t have them. However, special forms and morphemes (that are not inflections) exist for addressing. The patriarch and bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church are addressed as "владыко" (vladyko, hegemon, nom. "), and are often combined ("Господи, Боже мой"). Some linguists, such as Albert Thumb,(de) argue that the vocative form is not a case but a special form of nouns not belonging to any case, as vocative expressions are not related syntactically to other words in sentences.[1]. Irregular vocatives exist as well, such as nom. σῶμα). Portuguese drops the article to form the vocative. The vocative case is the case of direct address. ("Anne, come here!"). For instance, the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese, to express strong feelings (especially negative ones) to someone, a neutral tone suffix -ei may be attached to certain address words. (Bože moj, "My God! Cologne and Venezia, as described above. Several of them, mostly of religious origin, are common in colloquial Russian: "Боже!" or Tęsknię za Tobą, moja Żono ("I miss you, my wife."). The vocative case is used for the person or persons directly addressed. Thus, a quotation of William S. Clark would be translated as follows: 소년이여, 야망을 가져라. instead of pane Nováku! Exceptions include singular second-declension nouns that end in -us in the nominative case. Holton, David, Irene Philippaki-Warburton, and Peter A. Mackridge, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Nominativ místo vokativu v hovorové češtině. ", "pane továrník! The Use of the Interjection ὦ with the Vocative This use gives a kind of solemnity where it is found. Kurdish has a vocative case. (Mijina, jibe ga?) To address an individual with the function, title, other attribute, family role, Panie doktorze (Doctor! The vocative is also used in prayers: "Отче наш!" liten being lille when definite, but små when plural. Proper masculine nouns ending in -a always have vocative equal to nominative. Nouns and adjectives that end in -eus do not follow the rules above. Neuter nouns and all plural nouns have the same form in the nominative and the vocative: The latter form of the vocative of człowiek (human) is now considered poetical. being addressed, or occasionally for the determiners of that noun. Note the following examples: 1. Direct Address Direct address is the idea in each construction. More-recent names and foreign names may have a vocative form but it is rarely used (Ричарде, instead of simply Ричард Richard, sounds unusual to native speakers). For instance, in the dialect of Kurmanji, it is created by adding the suffix -o at the end of masculine words and the -ê suffix at the end of feminine ones. ("Lena, where are you?"). "владыка", vladyka). Vocative forms are also used in modern Church Slavonic. Colloquially, some personal names with a masculine -(i)(j)o stem and diminutives with the suffixes -elis, -ėlis have an alternative vocative singular form characterized by a zero ending (i.e. It occurs either with or without prepositions. That comes from Latin, as the Latin for Jesus in the nominative is Jesus and its vocative is Jesu. The vocative case in Romanian is partly inherited, occasionally causing other morphophonemic changes (see also the article on Romanian nouns): Since there is no -o vocative in Latin, it must have been borrowed from Slavic: compare the corresponding Bulgarian forms сестро (sestro), откачалко (otkachalko), Елено (Eleno). Also, the particle a is placed before the noun unless it begins with a vowel (or f followed immediately by a vowel, which becomes silent when lenited). sg. In the plural, ALL NOUNS/ADJECTIVES simply use their NOMINATIVE PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE: ALL NEUTER nouns/adjectives simply use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR and PLURAL forms for the VOCATIVE: ALL 1st DECLENSION FEMININE NOUNS/ADJECTIVES use their NOMINATIVE SINGULAR forms for the VOCATIVE: For some declensions, the ending for the MASCULINE or FEMININE SINGULAR VOCATIVE may differ from the NOMINATIVE. It is basically equivalent to "Лена, где ты?" This is the only use of the Vocative Case. A less frequent alternative is the ending -ai, which is also slightly dialectal: broliùkai, etc. Caution: Do not confuse ὦ (the particle) with ᾧ -the dative case relative pronoun, or with ὦ - the first person singular subjunctive form of εἰμί (which is identical to the particle ὦ in form). In Polish, the vocative (wołacz) is formed with feminine nouns usually taking -o except those that end in -sia, -cia, -nia, and -dzia, which take -u, and those that end in -ść, which take -i. Masculine nouns generally follow the complex pattern of the locative case, with the exception of a handful of words such as Bóg → Boże ("God"), ojciec → ojcze ("father") and chłopiec → chłopcze ("boy"). in addition to vaikẽli, etc. The new Russian vocative. This can also be shown in interjections with adjectives, especially profanities, like svarte helvete. And the horses are running away. For word roots that end with a consonant, the vocative case suffix is -o, and for the words that end with a vowel, it is -v like in Old Georgian, but for some words, it is considered archaic. Proper nouns ending in -ica always have -ice in vocative. Despite its use being less common, it is still used in formal address: the common phrase foneddigion a boneddigesau means "gentlemen and ladies", with the initial consonant of boneddigion undergoing a soft mutation; the same is true of gyfeillion ("[dear] friends") in which cyfeillion has been lenited. It can be used with the particle "y".
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