Accordingly, there is severe pressure to raise the retirement age. There is a great deal of grievance and yearning for a better life – inside the state, let alone in the society. The number of pensioners in Russia could equal the number of people in work by 2044, according to government projections, which would imperil the state budget, on top of the fact that there is already something of a labor shortfall. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. When Putin speaks of AI, he means almost entirely military AI. Moreover, severe pressure on the state budget (a deficit in seven of eight 8 years between 2009 and 2016, and a spending down of the fund) is leading some analysts to forecast a decline of 20 percent in education spending and 25 percent in health care spending over the three years 2017-2019.17. (The Constitutional Court upheld the law’s compatibility with the constitution. No major companies have emerged from Skolkovo. War Is Boring writes that, "The U.S. military doesn't have anything like it … or adequate defenses." But investors are already making their bets based upon a sense of whether hydrocarbon-energy companies are prepared, or not, for a transition to renewables at some point. Following the mass protests of 2011-12, when President Putin announced he had decided (on his own) to become president again, some direct elections were reinstated after the mass protests of 2011-12 (direct district-based elections to the lower house of parliament; some gubernatorial elections). He [Kamaev] seemed healthy and everything was fine.”5 Rodchenkov, a mastermind of Russian state-sponsored doping (before he flipped), has a Ph.D. in analytical chemistry, and admitted that for Russian athletes he had invented a cocktail of banned anabolic steroids that could go undetected. Small- and medium-sized businesses comprise only 18 percent of GDP, less than half the ratio in successful economies.22, Many Eastern European factories are already automated, but Russia lags very far behind them. Members of each wing share the other’s core concerns to an extent. Russia is a middle income country with an undiversified and stagnant economy. Back in 2000, none other than Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani, the former oil minister of Saudi Arabia, stated in an interview that “Thirty years from now there will be a huge amount of oil – and no buyers. Introduction ↑. Russia is a military power because it prioritizes being one (unlike, say, Germany or Japan, which have far larger economies). Moreover, The U.N. forecasts a total population in Russia of 119 million by 2050. Paradoxically, however, the stronger authoritarianism gets, the more brittle it becomes. What could rescue the situation for Russia? The feathers detached, and Icarus fell to his death in the sea below. The country has been on a multidecade crusade to buttress its cultural identity and language and rid itself of many ethnic Russians who arrived during Soviet times. President Putin, on September 1, 2017, the first day of school, was shown on national TV speaking with teenagers in jeans in provincial Yaroslavl and stating that “Artificial intelligence is the future, not only for Russia, but for all humankind. 1 Nicholas Eberstadt, “Putin’s Hollowed-Out Homeland,” WSJ, May 7, 2014: https://www.wsj.com/articles/nicholas-eberstadt-putins-hollowed-out-homeland-1399504005?tesla=y&tesla=y, 2 Quirin Schiermeier, “Russian Science Minister Explains Radical Restructure,” Nature, Jan. 26, 2015: http://www.nature.com/news/russian-science-minister-explains-radical-restructure-1.16776, 3 Judy Twigg, “Russia Is Losing Its Best and Brightest,” National Interest, June 13, 2016: http://nationalinterest.org/feature/russia-losing-its-best-brightest-16572? “The serial production of combat robots for the Russian armed forces may start already this year,” defense minister Sergei Shoigu stated in mid-March 2018 at a domestic technology gathering dubbed “Russia: the Country of Possibilities.” This work is led by, among others, the Russian Foundation for Advanced Research (created in 2012 and roughly analogous to the American Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA). The future fifth-generation Russian aircraft, such as the PAK FA heavy multipurpose fighter jet and the PAK DA long-range strategic bomber, are being designed as stealth aircraft. 9 Tom Balmforth, “Another Worrying Sign For Russia’s Dire Demographics,” Radio Free Europe (September 27, 2017), https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-population-decline-labor-oreshkin/28760413.html, 10 https://www.newsru.com/russia/23nov2010/migranty.html, 11 https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-population-decline-labor-oreshkin/28760413.html. Too often, however, security is allowed to override internal development, opportunity is viewed as a Trojan Horse, and economic expertise is reduced to macroeconomic stability, rather than development. The regime, for its part, does not admit it failed to fulfill the “bargain” and step aside; it ramps up its repression and manipulation. With Russia itching to fight after one of its jets was shot down by Turkey, we assess why Putin's war tech might be better than many people believe. That said, history moves in surprising ways, and unintended consequences are the norm. Still more consequentially, More than half of Russian federal government revenues (including 40 percent just from oil). As Nicholas Eberstadt of AEI noted, “Russia’s present modest surfeit of births over deaths comes entirely from historically Muslim areas like Chechnya and Dagestan, and from heavily tribal regions like the Tuva Republic.” Nicholas Eberstadt, “Putin’s Hollowed-Out Homeland,” Wall Street Journal, May 7, 2014: https://www.wsj.com/articles/nicholas-eberstadt-putins-hollowed-out-homeland-1399504005?tesla=y&tesla=y, 12 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-05/world-war-still-haunts-putin-as-population-decline-taxes-economy, 13 Nicholas Eberstadt, Hans Groth, Judy Twiff, Addressing Russia’s Mounting Human Resources Crisis, American Enterprise Institute (February 2013); Critical 10 Years: Demographic Policies of the Russian Federation: Success and Challenges, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA) (2015): https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/10%20Critical%20years%20english%20version.pdf#page=13&zoom=page-actual,-208,115, 14 Finance Minister Anton Siluanov observed that the president’s concession would cost the budget 500 billion rubles ($7.3 billion) over six years. Prognosticators have turned to predicting a possible peak in demand for oil, but their guesses vary greatly. Scare stories notwithstanding, the Russians are unlikely to have any exotic superweapons. Controlling for territorial shifts, this represents an increase of just 76,060 from the previous year, thanks to a net migration gain of 211,878. Paradoxically, if Russia were to make use of robots, its productivity problems could be solved and its demographic shortfall could become a strength, because workers displaced by robotization would face less competition for other jobs. )29 Whether anything has come of this partnership is difficult to establish. Russia was earning 35 times fewer international patents per university graduate than Austria.1 “Once a scientific powerhouse,” in the words of one scholar writing in 2015, “Russia has experienced over the past 25 years a dramatic decline of its research and development capacities and is now lagging far behind other industrialized nations in terms of scientific output.”2 This downward trend has in part been arrested more recently with massive state investments in scientific laboratories. Meanwhile, the Russian R-73 has enjoyed several upgrades, and missile buffs still argue about which is better. Both weapons were limited to shooting at the jet exhaust of receding aircraft only; the Russians introduced an upgraded Strela-3 which could tackle aircraft head-on in 1974, a capability which the US could not match until the FIM-92 Stinger arrived in 1982. 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