Some of these rules are active (particularly with dentals), others have become fossilised (i.e. Phonetically and historically, these resemble the tones of Norway, Sweden and western Denmark; these languages have tonal contours typical for monosyllabic words and those for disyllabic words. All vowel phonemes except for /ɪ/ and /ə/ can be both long (represented with ⟨ː⟩) and short. those made at the same place of articulation) clash with grammatical lenition rules. As nasalized fricatives are sometimes thought to be physiologically impossible (see Shosted 2006 for discussion). For example, blocked lenition in the surname Caimbeul ('Campbell') (vs Camshron 'Cameron') is an incident of fossilised blocked lenition; blocked lenition in air an taigh salach "on the dirty house" (vs air a' bhalach mhath 'on the good boy') is an example of the productive lenition blocking rule. Gaelic phonology is characterised by: a phoneme inventory particularly rich in sonorant coronal phonemes (commonly 9 in total) a contrasting set of palatalised and non-palatalised consonants strong initial word-stress and vowel reduction in unstressed syllables The language uses many vowel combinations, which can be categorised into two types, depending on the status of one or more of the written vowels in the combinations. Phonetic structures of Scottish Gaelic. Occasionally, there are irregular occurrences of the epenthetic vowel, for example in Glaschu/kl̪ˠas̪əxu/('Glasgow'). Mutation as Morphology: Bases, Stems, and Shapes in Scottish Gaelic. There are often wide variations in vowel quality in epenthetic vowels, as illustrated by a map showing the pronunciations of "dearbh." also tombaca ('tobacco') [t̪ʰomˈbaʰkə]. In this category, vowels in digraphs/trigraphs that are next to a neighbouring consonant are for all intents and purposes part of the consonant, showing the broad or slender status of the consonant. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. a bheil thu a' faighinn cus? [10], Preaspiration varies in strength and can manifest as glottal ([ʰ] or [h]) or can vary depending on the place of articulation of the preaspirated consonant; being [ç] before "slender" segments and [x] before "broad" ones. Due to the geographic concentration of Gaelic speakers along the western seaboard with its numerous islands, Gaelic dialectologists tend to ascribe each island its own dialect. Among the rare examples are: bodh(a) [po.ə] ('underwater rock') vs. bò [poː] ('cow'), and fitheach [fi.əx] ('raven') vs. fiach [fiəx] ('debt'). The survey collected data from informants as far south as Arran, Cowal, Brig o' Turk, east to Blairgowrie, Braemar and Grantown-on-Spey, north-east to Dunbeath and Portskerra and all areas west of these areas, including St Kilda. For the phonology of Irish, see, For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Scottish Gaelic for Wikipedia articles, see, The approximate distribution of preaspiration in Gaelic dialects, Phonetic realization of regular verbal noun particle. This page was last modified on 23 April 2015, at 19:33. Category 1: vowel plus glide vowels. Old Irish, the ancestor of Scottish Gaelic, had a four-way distinction for the sonorants 'n,' 'l,' and 'r.' Gaelic clock. The English equivalents given are approximate, and refer most closely to the Scottish pronunciation of Standard English. The nasal vowels are historically a result of assimilation. However, the distinction is now based on different synchronic rules, often a result of analogy (Gillies 1993). Stress is usually on the first syllable: for example drochaid ('a bridge') [ˈt̪rɔxɪtʲ]. The main exception to this are the labials (/p pʰ m f v/), which have lost their palatalised forms. - Gillies, W. 1993. Aspirated stops are realized as preaspirated (with a small amount of post-aspiration as well) word-medially (Ladefoged et al. These tonal differences are not to be found in Ireland or elsewhere in the Scottish Gàidhealtachd. Scottish Gaelic Studies 15: 20-73. In those dialects that do not have the length distinction, the syllable nucleus is often lengthened instead (MacAulay 2002): - "gall" 'foreigner' [kaL:] or [kauL] in dialects that don't have consonant length. The fortis stops /pʰ, t̪ʰ, tʲʰ, kʲʰ, kʰ/ are voiceless and aspirated; this aspiration occurs as postaspiration in initial position and, in most dialects, as preaspiration in medial position after stressed vowels. The material presented here is drawn from various references as well as our own work with the language. The phonology of a Perthsire idiolect. The Survey of Scottish Gaelic Dialects occasionally reports labialised forms such as [l̪ˠw] or [l̪ˠv] outside the area they predominantly appear in, for example in Harris and Wester Ross. Welsh naturalist Edward Lhuyd published the earliest major work on Scottish Gaelic after collecting data in the Scottish Highlands between 1699 and 1700, in particular data on Argyll Gaelic and the now obsolete dialects of north-east Inverness-shire.[1]. These have arisen from a sequence of vowel+long consonant or VCC. The unaspirated stops in some dialects (east and south) are voiced (see below), as in Manx and Irish. For some words it is possible to resolve the indeterminate area, for example with the verb sgrìobadh ("scraping"): Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea! You could also do it yourself at any point in time. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. The University of Arizona's Scottish Gaelic Phonology and Phonetics group is dedicated to empirical research on the sound system of Scottish Gaelic. The ⟨a⟩ in English late in Scottish English is the pure vowel [eː] rather than the more general diphthong [eɪ]. They found conclusive evidence that the distinction in that dialect (Bernara) is in aspiration, not voicing. History of the discipline Edit. beul /pial̪ˠ/ ('mouth') vs beò /pjɔː/ ('alive'). The voicing of voiceless aspirated stops and the nasalisation of the unaspirated (voiced) stops occurs after the preposition an/am ('in'), an/am ('their'), the interrogative particle an and a few other such particles and occasionally, after any word ending in a nasal e.g. Schwa [ə] at the end of a word is dropped when followed by a word beginning with a vowel. Origins Based on medieval accounts, Scottish Gaelic has probably derived by the Irish Gaelic, or Old Irish. http://akerbeltz.org/index.php?title=Fuaimean_na_Gàidhlig, https://gaelicgrammar.org/~gaelic/mediawiki/index.php?title=Sounds_of_Scottish_Gaelic&oldid=4760. Phonology. However, some scholars claim that there is a voicing distinction as well. Long vowels are about twice as long as short vowels in the same environment (Ò Murchù 1988). velars and labials). in M. Ball and J. Fife (eds. MacAulay (1992) mentions that some dialects have a three-way distinction ([p-pʰ-b]), but notes that it is less common than a binary distinction in aspiration. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. For example: Of all the Celtic languages, lexical tones only exist in the dialects of Lewis[17] and Sutherland[18] in the extreme north of the Gaelic-speaking area. We have created a browser extension. Scottish Gaelic Phonology. phonetically palatal or palatalised consonants), in Scottish Gaelic velarisation is only present for /n̪ˠ l̪ˠ rˠ/. Descriptions of the language have largely focused on the phonology. girl [ɡɪɾəl] and film [fɪləm]) is the insertion of epenthetic vowels between certain adjacent consonants. Settlers from Ireland founded, around the 4th century CE, the Gaelic Kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland's west coast in present-day Argyll. Certainly the phonology of Scottish Gaelic (and Manx) shows the same velarisation and glottalisation which is attested in Irish after the loss of interdental fricatives as the lenited forms of T and D. The /s̪/ is not lenited when it appears before /m p t̪ k/. Diphthongs vary significantly by dialect. - Ó Murchú, M. 1988. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This website contains information about the project as well as links to resources on the language. The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Scottish Gaelic pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.. See Scottish Gaelic phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Scottish Gaelic, and Scottish Gaelic orthography for the exact correspondence between sounds and letters in Scottish Gaelic. Irish dialects and Manx also have devoiced unaspirated consonants in certain environments. In Lewis Gaelic, it is difficult to find minimal pairs. Welsh naturalist Edward Lhuyd published the earliest major work on Scottish Gaelic after collecting data in the Scottish Highlands between 1699 and 1700, in particular data on Argyll Gaelic and the now obsolete dialects of north-east Inverness-shire.
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