Before we look at this prophecy, consider a brief history of what happened to these two groups of people. Israel had clearly emerged in the first half of the 9th century … The location and geographical characteristics of the narrow Levant made the area a battleground among the powerful entities that surrounded it. He reached out to Rome to have them guarantee that Judea would be an independent land. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeast Mesopotamia. He also married his brother's widow, showing little respect for Jewish law. He defied his father's wishes that his mother should take over the government and instead had her and all of his brothers except for one thrown in prison. [64] The biblical history mentions tension between the returnees and those who had remained in Yehud, the returnees rebuffing the attempt of the "peoples of the land" to participate in the rebuilding of the Temple; this attitude was based partly on the exclusivism that the exiles had developed while in Babylon and, probably, also partly on disputes over property. [36] During the reign of Hezekiah, between c. 715 and 686 BCE, a notable increase in the power of the Judean state can be observed. [96][97][98], During this intermediate period of henotheism many families worshiped different gods. [101][102] With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, Yahweh, as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. [41] Jerusalem, while probably not totally abandoned, was much smaller than previously, and the town of Mizpah in Benjamin in the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom became the capital of the new Babylonian province of Yehud Medinata. Heliodorus was not allowed into the temple, but it required Onias to go explain to the king why one of his ministers was denied access somewhere. [12], The Canaanite city state system broke down during the Late Bronze Age collapse,[15] and Canaanite culture was then gradually absorbed into that of the Philistines, Phoenicians and Israelites. This marks the true beginning of the Maccabean Revolt. Solomon died around 930 B.C., and soon after the northern 10 tribes sent a delegation to Rehoboam, his son, to ask for relief from the heavy burden of taxes they had been carrying. Around this time was the re-dedication of the temple. [103] The major deities were not numerous – El, Asherah, and Yahweh, with Baal as a fourth god, and perhaps Shamash (the sun) in the early period. Israelite religion shares many characteristics with Canaanite religion, which itself was formed with influence from Mesopotamian religious traditions. It seems most Israelites were more focused on local concerns. [80] Now with Jason as high priest and Antiochus IV as king, many Jews adopted Hellenistic ways. [94] Before the emergence of Yahweh as the patron god of the region of ancient Israel and Judah not all worshiped him alone, or even at all. Hyrcanus was able to take back Judea and keep his power. As conflicts over the throne arose, he completely took control of the Acra. [71][72] Hasmonean kings attempted to revive the Judah described in the Bible: a Jewish monarchy ruled from Jerusalem and including all territories once ruled by David and Solomon. The chancellor, Lysias, sent three generals to do just that, but they were all defeated by the Maccabees. His brother Jonathan succeeded him. Onias' brother Jason (a Hellenized version of Joshua) took his place. Since then, intensive surveys have examined the traditional territories of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim, and Manasseh. God changed his name to Israel, which means “one who struggles with God” in Genesis 32:28 after Jacob wrestled with an angel. His first conquest was Ptolemais. Eventually, because of disobedience to His laws, God allowed the northern kingdom of Israel to be taken into captivity by the Assyrians in the eighth century B.C. There are strong arguments that Mesopotamia, particularly Assyria shared the concept of the cult of Ashur with Israel. What caused this historic separation of ancient Israel after being unified for 475 years? For eight years, Jonathan didn't do much. 515. This prophecy speaks of both Israel and Judah jointly coming to God. In order to enforce his hold on them, he reinforced many cities in Palestine and built new ones. For hundreds of years, Israel was a unified nation under King Saul, Israel’s first king. King David worked hard to reunite all 12 tribes of Israel, and after seven years and six months he was welcomed as king of “all Israel and Judah” (2 Samuel 5:5). This led to war between Judah and the rest of Israel. Again, the modern nation of Israel has not fulfilled these biblical prophecies. But the transition would not be a smooth one. However, in 153 the Seleucid Empire started to face some problems. [104] At an early stage El and Yahweh became fused and Asherah did not continue as a separate state cult,[104] although she continued to be popular at a community level until Persian times.[105]. Some scholars have used the Bible as evidence to argue that most of the people alive during the events recounted in the Old Testament, including Moses, were most likely henotheists. [10], Canaan in the Late Bronze Age was a shadow of what it had been centuries earlier: many cities were abandoned, others shrank in size, and the total settled population was probably not much more than a hundred thousand. His last remaining son, John Hyrcanus, was supposed to be killed as well, but he was informed of the plan and rushed to Jerusalem to keep it safe. [48] The exile community in Babylon thus became the source of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible: Isaiah 40–55; Ezekiel; the final version of Jeremiah; the work of the hypothesized priestly source in the Pentateuch; and the final form of the history of Israel from Deuteronomy to 2 Kings. [94] Yahweh became the supreme god governing angels, demons and humans, with angels and demons considered more powerful than the average human. [39] This occurred at the same time that Israel was being destroyed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and was probably the result of a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal state controlling the valuable olive industry. [87][88] Aristobulus I was the first Hasmonean priest-king. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian desert, separating the Levant from Mesopotamia. [93] This concept entailed adopting the gods of other cultures into their pantheon, with Ashur as the supreme god of all the others. During the end of the Third Syrian War, the high priest Onias II would not pay the tax to the Ptolemy III Euergetes. The people at the temple of Bel in Elam were not pleased, so they killed Antiochus and everyone helping him in 187 BCE. Judas Maccabeus became the leader of the rebels. This religion was subsequently adopted by the landowners of Judah, who in 640 BCE placed the eight-year-old Josiah on the throne. 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