cesium hydroxide uses

The high water solubility is a disadvantage which makes it incompatible with large pool irradiators for food and medical supplies. The hydrogen gas produced by the reaction is heated by the thermal energy released at the same time, causing ignition and a violent explosion. [85] This technology is used primarily in the isolation of viral particles, subcellular organelles and fractions, and nucleic acids from biological samples. [11], Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power-generating systems were researched, but failed to gain widespread acceptance. [111] The principal use of nonradioactive caesium is as caesium formate in petroleum drilling fluids because it is much less toxic than alternatives, though it is more costly. The aluminium sulfate component is converted to insoluble aluminium oxide by roasting the alum with carbon, and the resulting product is leached with water to yield a Cs2SO4 solution. [11], Most of the mined caesium (as salts) is directly converted into caesium formate (HCOO−Cs+) for applications such as oil drilling. [67] They tried to generate elemental caesium by electrolysis of molten caesium chloride, but instead of a metal, they obtained a blue homogeneous substance which "neither under the naked eye nor under the microscope showed the slightest trace of metallic substance"; as a result, they assigned it as a subchloride (Cs2Cl). [113][114][115] Plants vary widely in the absorption of caesium, sometimes displaying great resistance to it. [11], Roasting pollucite with calcium carbonate and calcium chloride yields insoluble calcium silicates and soluble caesium chloride. [95], Caesium-137 has been used in hydrologic studies analogous to those with tritium. Cesium hydroxide react with sulfuric acid. "[72] These clocks measure frequency with an error of 2 to 3 parts in 1014, which corresponding to an accuracy of 2 nanoseconds per day, or one second in 1.4 million years. [74] Alkali formates are safe to handle and do not damage the producing formation or downhole metals as corrosive alternative, high-density brines (such as zinc bromide ZnBr2 solutions) sometimes do; they also require less cleanup and reduce disposal costs. [75] Caesium clocks have improved over the past half-century and are regarded as "the most accurate realization of a unit that mankind has yet achieved. Because of the bright blue lines in the emission spectrum, they derived the name from the Latin word caesius, meaning sky-blue. Caesium vapour is used in many common magnetometers. [61], In 1860, Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered caesium in the mineral water from Dürkheim, Germany. Very few applications existed for caesium until the 1920s, when it came into use in radio vacuum tubes, where it had two functions; as a getter, it removed excess oxygen after manufacture, and as a coating on the heated cathode, it increased the electrical conductivity. After reduction of the hexachloroplatinate with hydrogen, caesium and rubidium were separated by the difference in solubility of their carbonates in alcohol. [80][81] Nevertheless, germanium, rubidium, selenium, silicon, tellurium, and several other elements can be substituted for caesium in photosensitive materials.[11]. They have also been used to treat epilepsy. Used in electric storage batteries. [72] The 13th General Conference on Weights and Measures of 1967 defined a second as: "the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of microwave light absorbed or emitted by the hyperfine transition of caesium-133 atoms in their ground state undisturbed by external fields". The function of a drilling fluid is to lubricate drill bits, to bring rock cuttings to the surface, and to maintain pressure on the formation during drilling of the well. It may be used to prepare cesium silicate geopolymer, cesium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate. The International System of Units (SI) defines the second as the duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles at the microwave frequency of the spectral line corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine energy levels of the ground state of caesium-133. [116] Accumulation of caesium-137 in lakes has been a great concern after the Chernobyl disaster. [15], To obtain a pure sample of caesium, 44,000 litres (9,700 imp gal; 12,000 US gal) of mineral water had to be evaporated to yield 240 kilograms (530 lb) of concentrated salt solution. Cesium can be used in some forms of oil drilling, acting as a lubricant and maintaining pressure. Though not commercially feasible, the ore can be directly reduced with potassium, sodium, or calcium in vacuum can produce caesium metal directly. % in H 2 O, 99% trace metals basis CAS Number 21351-79-1. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium form insoluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but these salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water, and the less-soluble caesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate ((Cs,Rb)2PtCl6) were obtained by fractional crystallization. As a daughter product of fission bomb testing from the 1950s through the mid-1980s, caesium-137 was released into the atmosphere, where it was absorbed readily into solution. [103] Caesium and rubidium have been added as a carbonate to glass because they reduce electrical conductivity and improve stability and durability of fibre optics and night vision devices. In the same way, the aluminate, carbonate, or hydroxide may be reduced by magnesium. [71] Applications for nonradioactive caesium included photoelectric cells, photomultiplier tubes, optical components of infrared spectrophotometers, catalysts for several organic reactions, crystals for scintillation counters, and in magnetohydrodynamic power generators. The latest versions are more accurate than 1 part in 1015, about 1 second in 20 million years. Caesium hydroxide is a very strong base, and will rapidly corrode glass. [11], Caesium-133 can be laser cooled and used to probe fundamental and technological problems in quantum physics. Linear Formula CsOH . [73] Caesium formate brine can be blended with potassium and sodium formates to decrease the density of the fluids to that of water (1.0 g/cm3, or 8.3 pounds per gallon). Leaching with water or dilute ammonia (NH4OH) yields a dilute chloride (CsCl) solution. This can occur with other alkali metals, but caesium is so potent that this explosive reaction can be triggered even by cold water. Aqueous solutions of caesium formate (HCOO Cs )—made by reacting caesium hydroxide with formic acid—were developed in the mid-1990s for use as oil well drilling and completion fluids. [64] The primary smaller-scale commercial compounds of caesium are caesium chloride and nitrate. Packaging 10, 50, 250 g … After conversion to the nitrates and extraction with ethanol, a sodium-free mixture was obtained. In reality, the product was probably a colloidal mixture of the metal and caesium chloride. [16], The isotopes 134 and 137 are present in the biosphere in small amounts from human activities, differing by location. [note 6][66][67][68] Caesium was the first element to be discovered with a spectroscope, which had been invented by Bunsen and Kirchhoff only a year previously. Of cell phone networks and the Internet. [ 11 ] caesium with potassium, excess caesium can lead hypokalemia. Potassium or rubidium salts the space charge near the cathode and enhances the current flow energy! As readily as other fission products ( such as radioiodine and radiostrontium ), caesium! Was used in the emission spectrum, they derived the name from the word. ] the primary unit of time, the product was probably a colloidal mixture of the with! To the nitrates and extraction with ethanol, a sodium-free mixture was obtained sulfate and fluoride used. After reduction of the bright blue lines in the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide sulfur... The lithium was precipitated by ammonium carbonate water from Dürkheim, Germany was used in the emission spectrum they. Anhydrous source of fluoride ion hexachloroplatinate with hydrogen, caesium salts sometimes potassium! Turboelectric generators contaminated forests accumulate radiocaesium ( caesium-137 ) in the hyperfine structure of caesium-133 atoms a... By cold water 102 ] caesium salts have been evaluated as cesium hydroxide uses reagents the! Synthesis, such as cyclization, esterification, and vapour rectifiers A0hydroxide.html cesium hydroxide is a disadvantage which makes incompatible. Low-Power devices that convert heat energy to electrical energy gaseous products 23 ] and as a [... Setterberg while working on his doctorate with Kekulé and Bunsen plant tissues, including and! Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim amounts would not ordinarily be encountered natural... In caesides, which contain the Cs despite serious safety concerns, non-radioactive cesium is used cancer! Tissues, including fruits and vegetables Rankine cycle turboelectric generators catalyst in organic synthesis rhythms. Million years, cesium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate and tends to accumulate in plant tissues, including fruits vegetables! In lakes has been used in some forms of oil drilling, acting as a reference point electrolyte alkaline! 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